The confidence to market health improves their liquidity and efficiency which is an important matter to capital market and stock exchange. The effect of public confidence to the market on investors’ decision is as important as the risk within these markets. Higher risk leads to lower efficiency, dampens market improvement and finally actuates capital to parallel markets. The economic and political news and rumors will directly affect the changes of market index. The effect of information and rumors on investors is reflexed in PRICE changes and trading volume. So stock PRICE manipulators are motivated to propagate wrong information and get illicit profit.In this research we study the concept of PRICE manipulation, especially CLOSING PRICE, and introduce a model for realizing the probability of CLOSING PRICE manipulation. According to the results stock return, bid & ask PRICE, trading frequency, trading volume and stock turnover determine the CLOSING PRICE manipulation. The relationship among these variables is investigated in econometric models. The Logistic Regression model is used to predict the probability of CLOSING PRICE manipulation. The sample is divided into two groups named manipulators and non-manipulators using run test and sign test. Then the logistic model is run on the basis of the results from these two tests. The estimated relationship confirms the research hypotheses.

Competitiveness and availability of transparent information are necessary in capital market. Information quality effects decision making and causes better resource allocation, which in turn leads to efficiency. Information transparency results in long term vision, reaching to new sources of capital, lower cost of capital, accountable management and finally, increasing of the shareholders, wealth..This project investigated Benford’s Law as an indicator of data quality in Tehran Stock Exchange. The data used in this research included the first digit of daily close PRICE and indexes .The study period was from the beginning of 1999 to the end of 2009.The top 25 percent of companies with regard to trading days were selected as a sample of the research.Kolmogorove-smirnov’s and Goodness of Fit tests were used to estimate the model.The results showed that the investigated data was inconsistent with Benford’s Law.

With a complex and diverse topography of genes and regulatory sequences, the human genome is often likened to a landscape. But in many places, this terrain is less dramatic vista and more desert highway: vast and repetitive. Advances in sequencing technology mean that scientists are on the verge of finally finishing an end-to-end human genome map.

In criminal proceedings, at the end of preliminary investigation and trial, a CLOSING argument is heard by judge, if accused is guilty. The subject of question about a CLOSING argument is about to ascribe the committed crime and presented evidence against accused, the subject of CLOSING argument is doubting the proof or rejecting the elements of crime that are against the accused. Meanwhile, it may be proving or giving the circumstances which cause innocence, diminishing, probating, and excusing the criminal from punishment. Due to the attorney s limited responsibility, a CLOSING argument in the prosecution office must be only given by the accused but in the trial both the accused and the attorney can present the CLOSING argument or separately. With regard to the case, the duration of the CLOSING argument should be reasonable and also should not be less than the time of asserting the claim and presenting evidence. Not having a CLOSING argument in prosecution office is an incomplete proceeding, but it is not necessarily the cause for quashing the sentence in the appeal court, of course the mention court must sit for having the CLOSING argument, then it makes a decision, but the supreme court quashes the sentence and returns the case to the court which make it, so as a CLOSING argument of accused are heard, then judge makes decision.